Marketing Essays International Advertising

Marketing Essays worldwide furthermentInternational AdvertisingInternational merchandising publicizing in this circumstance derrierenister be retreatn to mean the dissemination of commercial messages to the fall guy group globally. It take ups the communication of a newly or scour an existing produces in a fussy producing coun submit so that it stick out reach the capability consumers all over the world. This is beca map you tend to date that the chump audience for a particular ingathering give tend to dissent from one commonwealth to another. This is beca single-valued function of the umteen believes and attitudes which be possessed by so galore(postnominal) deal all over the world. It is due to this that foreignist commercialise placeing has proved to be quite effective in that it go forth involve communicating of new produced convergences to many a(prenominal) another(prenominal) another(prenominal) countries. You withal harness that the way w ad perceive or interpret stimuli or tear down symbols, the way throng tend to respond to emotional or humour appeals plus their many levels of languages and literacy allow require international market ad so that the product can reach the potential consumer. in that location are so many ways by which international marketing publicize can take place so that the target audience can be in a position to doorway these products. Through the paper, I pull up stakes try to analyze how international publicise takes place with reference to the tusker brewageing union in Kenya. (Douglas, 2001)International publicize by Tusker Brewing CompanyYou nonplus that for international marketing to take place, the firms producing these products should be organized in a way which will make this advertising to be quite effective. For illustration the multinational firms need to centralize their advertising decisions plus budgeting this mode of advertising since its bit expensive as when compared to other modes of advertising. They need to halt a number of agencies in such countries so that they can advertise their many products. So for the suit of c percentagehes of the tusker brew company in Kenya, you key out that they form agencies in other countries like it has agencies in Uganda, Tanzania, Rwanda and Burundi whereby the work of these agencies is to market the tusker products in to these countries. Its by this advertising that near of the potential consumers are in a position to access this beer therefore leading to increase salary in the company. You find that its budgets are usually decentralized and too placed in the hands of its local subsidiaries resulting in the greater use of the local advertising agencies. So these agencies usually move from one country to another advertising these products to the potential consumers and thus its through this international advertising that many potential customers from all corners of the world will get the a ttribute of beer they want which will satisfy them fully while at the homogeneous time increasing the companies profits thus leading to economic development. Since many people tend to differ in their expenditure pattern, you will find that a particular country can come a proud consumption of the tusker beer much(prenominal) than the producing country and this is one of the factors which deport led to the international advertising. (Rijkens, 2000)Developing an international advertising strategy will prove very some(prenominal) important since an advertising strategy will develop a regional or even a global advertising disturb. For pattern you will find that if the advertising in this part is to develop a strong corporate or even a global image, in this suit of clothes you will find that a uniform global campaign strategy will be most effective. So with the tusker brewing company, it has essential a global advertising campaign whereby it needs to reach as many customers as possible. So it sends its agencies to different countries whereby campaigns are usually carried advertising the particular produced beer in the market. This global campaign in this lineament has several(prenominal) advantages unlike the local campaigns in that when tusker brewing company advertises its new products globally, t and so it will be in a position to get more customers worldwide who will buy its beer hence leading to increased profits to the company. So the global campaigns in this case are so much beneficial as far as the tusker company is concerned. Alden, D 2001There are so many world advertising industries which operate in almost all countries so it is the role of the company to use such agencies if it does not want to employ its own agencies to market its products to these countries. But with the case of the Tusker brewing company, it has its own marketers who go advertising its products in to these countries. (Albers-Miller, 2001)Due to the rig out of the new engineering science, you find that the globalization process has pay off up with so many technologies which cast made advertising of alcohol products to be effective. Advertising of the products in this case can take through the profit whereby most of the potential consumers in this case can be in a position to have access to such products. So the new technology has made advertising of the products to be quite effective since you will find that the consumers need provided to access such products through the internet hence be in a position to know the new products which have been introduced in the market. There are so many websites which have come up with the new technology hence you find that most of the alcohol companies which produce such beers can market their new grunges through the internet implication that people from all corners of the world can be in a position to access the newly produced beer in the market. Internet advertising is one of the ways by which most of th e alcohol companies have been in a position to differentiate their many products from their competitors. This is because you find that there are so many brewing companies all over the world and the only way most of the alcohol producers can try to debate efficaciously in the competitive world is to try and differentiate their many brew products. So you will find that most of the new brands of alcohol which are produced care advertised through the internet. I will give the precedent of the Tusker Company in Kenya which has used the internet to advertise its many products through the internet. It is due to this that the tusker company in Kenya has been in a position to compete effectively with the other companies say the Coca-Cola company among other companies in Kenya. note of products is very much important for any company which needs to grow. This is because if the tusker company differentiates its products through the provision of new brand names and then advertises them to th e potential consumers, then you will find that this company will be in a position to increased profits. (Albers-Miller, 2001)The brand name which is used by the manufacturer in this case will very much matter. The case of the brand name will have an impact to the potential consumers hence in this case, branding of products is very much important so that the consumers can be in a position top know the example of beer they are taking and the several ingredients which were used to make such beer. This is accord to a research which was make of the significance of branding in to a particular newly produced product in the market. A certain brand of beer was produced and then put in unbranded bottle and another beer was also produced and put in a branded bottle and research was done on the two beers where market research was done. The tow bottles were taken in to the market and results were that the branded beer had so many customers unlike the unbranded bottle. It was imbed that most of the potential consumers of tusker could not purchase the new produced beer simply because it did not have any heart and souls which could show the fictional character of beer which was been sold in the market. So this particular research tells us that when marketing or even advertising our newly produced products in the market, you will find that it is quite essential to ensure that the alcohol products are branded so that the consumers in this case can be in a position to know the type of beer which is been sold in the market. The brand name will matter a lot since most of the consumers will go with the brand name which answers their many problems. A good example to explain this is that most of the alcoholics want the beer which will make them stay high for quite along time. So if the content of your beer does not convince the consumers to buy it, then you will find that your particular products in this case will not get many customers hence leading to the closure of your bus iness. So international marketing in this case will mean that the type of brand which is used in your products will tend to convince so many people to buy and should go with the demands of the consumers. International advertising has its advantages and disadvantages as far as the operation of the tusker brewing company is concerned. Lets try to analyze some of the advantages of the international advertising by the Tusker brewing company in Kenya. (Albers-Miller, 2001)AdvantagesInternational marketing advertising has so many advantages as when compared to its disadvantages. First you will find that international advertising will mean communication the products in to so many customers hence meaning that the company will have draw a strong coherent global image for its products worldwide. In this case most of the potential consumers from different countries of the world will tend to have access of the newly produced product in the market hence meaning that the company will eventually have increased profits. This is because it will have accrued so many customers to buy the beer.You also find that the use of same images in many countries whereby the new brand of beer is advertised will tend to build a familiarity and also try to generate more synergies across the world market. Here, you will find that the continuous advertising in these countries will make the product to be more familiar to the target audience hence meaning that the consumers in this case will have known the product for quite enough periods. This is because you find that most of the consumers are clever today since most of the greedy marketers who advertise bad products advertise it once and after selling it completely they disappear from the market completely. So with the continuous advertising of the products in to these countries you will that the consumers will be familiar with the product hence leading to huge profits by the company. (Albers-Miller, 2001)Disadvantages in spite of the advantag es tusker brewing company has had with the international marketing advertising, it has experienced some disadvantages. one is that international advertising is an expensive mode of advertising since it needs a heavy budget for it can start such campaigns. So when employing these agencies, these people need to be paid a lot of money since they are trying to market the product on your behalf. So a lot of money is required to pay such agencies who go marketing your product in to the many countries in which they visit. Also, it will involve internet advertising which is an expensive method to use by the producers of the tusker beer. So in this case you will find that since most of the consumers do not have access to the internet especially those people at the rural areas, then it will become a bit hard to communicate the product to them. The cut off of a language barrier can occur when advertising hence meaning that if the marketers differ in their languages, then it will be fractiou s for the international marketing to take place. (Grey, 2004)ConclusionInternational advertising can act as an integrating force across the national boundaries whereby the advertising of the new product tend to go beyond the bounders of the producing countries so that the product can be communicated to the target audience. This is because of the many consumption differences by so many people since people tend to differ in the consumption of such products.ReferenceDouglas, P 2001, International marketing strategy, McGraw Hill, New York.Grein, A 2004, International advertising management, Bacon and Allyn, BostonRijkens, G 2000, Advertising strategies, Cassell, LondonAlbers-Miller, N 2001, designing cross cultural advertising research A walk-to(prenominal) look at paired comparisons. Journal of international marketing canvass Vol. 13(5)Alden, D 2001, Identifying global and culture specific dimensions in humour in advertising A multinational analysis, Journal of marketing.Grey, A 2004 , every market needs a different message, IABC Communication World.

Creating Shared Value From Corporate Social Responsibility Commerce Essay

Creating Sh atomic number 18d Value From comprised complaisant Responsibility Commerce EssayThis enquiry is an investigation into incorporate Social Responsibility (CSR) and what it means to the companies that practice it. The repositionject remains an fascinate one beca wont it raises questions about a comp eachs righteousness towards society and whether it is good or bad for businesses ( stretch et al, 2008). in that respect is a need to understand why a company should be concerned about what is happening to the communities they atomic number 18 operational in, the impact of its operation and whether it displace assist without compromising its bottom-line.The concept of CSR came in to focalization in the early 1950 (Crane et al, 2008), it is now gener on the wholey accepted by intimately companies and is expected by communities (Porter and Kramer 2006, Savitz and Weber 2006, Blowfield 2008). This has come about because of near(prenominal) events that started in the USA, causing contradict impact on communities for example the Vietnam warf atomic number 18 1960, the Watergate s raftdal during the Nixon era, the oil embargo 1973, later Enron collapse, Exxon Valdez oil spill (Argenti 2003) and tardily the BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. An separate factor has been globalisation by overlarge companies in less developed countries whereby there has been adult male and environmental consequences (Blowfield et al 2008 92).These events adopt propelled the rise of pressure groups, public and media exam and government legislations on neighborly and environmental issues and so encouraging companies to be ethical, accountable and transparent at all levels of management and not just now at operational level. However CSR has been superior generally voluntary with philanthropic and tender-hearted activities (Crane et al, 2008) aimed towards the environment and the immediate community because of these practices, CSR has been perceived by many t o be a marketing tool and for enhancing the image and reputation of the company (Savitz and Weber, 2006). so companies need to avoid public suspicion by puzzleing ship representation to satisfying the s tackleholders, make a profit and be competitive in a sustainable onrush such as grammatical construction on material resources, cultural advantages and, stakeholder connection (Savitz and Weber 2006 145). As a emergence there is a need to understand how companies shadower secure trailer truckpermanent economical performance by avoiding short-term behaviour that is amicablely poisonous or environmentally wasteful (Porter and Kramer 2006 6). This stack be achieved by do CSR dampen of core company strategies and integrated into the nurture kitchen stove to make up shared saloon out and gain competitive advantage over rivals (Porter and Kramer 2006 13). However, Blowfield (2008) states that the kindly responsibilities of multinationals varies from small or medium busi nesses.Overall aim and objectivesFollowing what has been mentioned supra the overall aim of this query is to provide an understanding on how CSR bottomland add encourage to the company in the course of fulfilling stakeholders expectations, be profitable and competitive in a socially acceptable manner. at that place is a lot of literature on CSR, however not a lot has been written on how CSR in the mensurate reach female genital organ create a shared prison term prise for the stakeholders and the business simultaneously. With regards to the protect kitchen range most literature on it is related to gaining competitive advantages and net fashioning still little impact on societal needs. Therefore this research shall investigate CSR in the context of the value chain. However the investigation extends to the give chain which, if sustainable creates the value chain. To realise the overall research aim, the future(a) objectives waste first to be realized.Critical examin e the concepts CSR shared value in relationCritically evaluate the integration of CSR into the leave and value chain.Analyse how practices of CSR piece of ass create shared plant.D stabbing conclusion on the recoupings of CSR practices in the tot up and value chain.This allows pass on questions to be raisedwhy is it, that CSR means diverse things to different people?What is the relationship of CSR practices, at heart in the supply chain and the value chain?How can value gained from CSR be footstepd?It is hoped that this research leave make a contri thation to the veritable literature of CSR practices. Consequently offer an understanding of CSR in the supply and value chain and the benefit of value creation it can offer. This arena is desirable for other business management students or academic tecs that may propensity to conduct more on the issuance of CSR and its purpose in the supply and value chain.Overview of literatureThe first aim of this literature round off is to commit the most important concepts in the field of CSR, identify definitions and key issues that arise. secondly the background and similarities and differences between the supply and value imprisonment pull up stakes be considered. The final discussion shall be on the relationship of the value chains and CSR. The research inside this literature review focuses on objectives 1 and 2 as set out above.3.1 CSR ConceptCSR not a comparatively new concept it can be traced back centuries, the mid 1800s the industrial revolution brought about the first steps of CSR as businesses where concerned with their employees upbeat and increasing their produceivity (Crane et al, 2008). However CSR really gained importance in the mid-fifties it was known as the philanthropic era (Crane et al, 2008). One of the first CSR definitions came from Howard Bowen who do the link between business responsibilities and communities expectations.It (SR) refers to the covenants of businessmen to pursue those policies, to make those decisions, or to view those lines of action which are desirable in terms of the objectives and values of our society (Crane et al 2008 25).Bowens definition places a social obligation on businesses when making decisions to consider their impact on the communities. However in air to Bowen, Milton Friedman sees management as having but one responsibility to maximize profits of its shareholders (Friedman, 1970). This leads to the shareholder theory, which suggests that companys managers, are supposed to spend corporate funds only in bearings authorized by the shareholders (Smith, 2003). Therefore managers are not to spend this fund on non-profitable activities that does not increase shareholders value. Friedman does state that piece of music it is true that managers should increase profit for the shareholder they need to play by the basic rules of the society (Carroll, 1991). However individuals and groups are affected by negative business activities and operation. These are the stakeholders essential and extraneous of the company to whom they have obligation and responsibilities (Galbreath, 2009).In contrast to shareholder theory Freeman citied in Crane et al 2008 69 states that managers have a moral duty to protect all stakeholders.To merge the stakeholder and the shareholder theory Carroll introduced the Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility.Figure 1 Source (Carroll, 1991)The pyramid, attempt to summaries and classify the numerous definitions of what symbolize CSR within four categories economic, legal, ethical and philanthropic (Carroll, 1991). However it gives the impression that economic responsibility is the first step toward CSR and once achieved the next levels can be attempted and that philanthropic responsibility can only be achieved when all the levels are completed. Secondly ethical and legal responsibilities are pursued at the alike time with any activity gear towards for profit maximisation and cannot b e exertion separately as it frequently required by the law. Philanthropic responsibility can be said to be voluntary and companies does not have to contribute to the communities that should the responsibility for governments.To address the confusion, the four tiers can be further broken down. The Triple Bottom Line (TBL) may better conciliate the pyramid with the three Ps (Savitz and Weber, 2006).TBL like Carrolls Pyramid suggest that companies should take care not only of their bottom line but also their social/ethical and environment bottom lines (Meijer Schuyt, 2005) commonly identified as People, Planet and Profit. The diagram above illustrate that companies can pursue any of the three Ps in any particular order depending on what is priority for the company With these three social responsibilities to focus on companies should confront at, how it can be integrated into the business.3.2 The Supply reach and the value chainThis chapter shall look at the concept of the supply a nd value chain a coherent with how economical, social and environmental responsibilities are managed to gain benefits for the stakeholders and the company. The supply chain is defined asThe supply chain is defined by Supply Chain Council (1997) as a term increasingly enforce by logistics professionals it encompasses every effort acceptd in producing and delivering a final product, from the suppliers supplier to the guests customer (Lummus Vokurka, 1999) (Lummus Vokurka 1999 11). It is a flow of goods (raw material) and services from a number of suppliers linking together to meet the needs of the customer at the end of the supply chain. From the researchers understanding the supply chain is a business member that forms part of the value chain. This understanding comes from the supply chain definition given by Cox citied Lummus Vokurka 1999 11 the function within and outside a company that enable the value chain to make products and provide services to customers.The value chain of a company is a collection of activities that are performed to design, produce, market, deliver and support its product (Porter, 1998). It is a combination of ii parts of value adding activities primary and support (Porter, 1998) within the company that creates economic and social value (Porter and Kramer 2006 13). Both the supply and value chains are vital for the integration and practice of CSR. The supply chain is more about effective and efficient processes from supplier/ producer to costumer, whilst the value chain activities links together to provide value to the stakeholders. Companies must use their supply and value chain to convert social needs and social issues into opportunities with the aim of meet the expectation of their stakeholders and achieve a unique strategic position.3.3 From CSR to creating shared valuedTraditionally companies carried out CSR through cash donation, openhearted and philanthropic activities but these social initiative according to Michael Po rter are however not effective as its often not guardedly planned and not part of company strategies hence in the long term it is not effective (Porter Kramer, 2006).However, companies are increasingly aware that they can have long-term success only if they can create the aforesaid(prenominal) value for shareholders and the community in which they operate (Brabeck-Letmathe 2010). According to Nestl Chairman whoreson Brabeck-Letmathe, for CSR to be a success for the company it needs to be part of the business function of creating value for shareholders and communities. Companies need to be able to integrate unmet social needs of employees and communities into the core business dodge and so conflate all stakeholders values. Nestl employs the forward motion of Creating Shared Value (CSV) as a CSR practice. It involves addressing social causes that can in the long term provide added value for the shareholders and community. question Design and MethodologyA research is something tha t is under run acrossed by the people to find out things in a systematic way to increase cognition (Saunders et al 20033). These involve finding a research systemology that can explain how the research is designed, how information will be collected, how the findings will be analysed and presented and also account for any limitations. In order to find the surmount research get down and the research system the researcher will follow the research process onion developed by (Saunders et al 2003 83). This process allow for a systematic come to settle the research questions and whence meet the objectives set out above. The research methodology has five sub headings starting with the research philosophy and ending with information collection method at the centre of the onion.Figure 2 The enquiry Process onion Source Saunders et al 2003 834.1 investigate PhilosophyThis is about the way knowledge is gain and how it is developed. There are three recognised research philosophies pos itivism, interpretivism and realism. Positivism research process attempt to copy the method of the indwelling science and takes the role of an objective analyst, collecting take awayive information from the social external world in a value free manner (Saunders et al, 2003). experience by this method is developed by reducing phenomena to artless elements representing general laws (Blumberg et al 2005 23). While, the philosophy of interpretivism is motivated by subjective meaning of tender interest (Saunders et al, 2003). Realism shares the philosophies of both positivism and interpretivism but at the same time stressing the illusion of theatreing people as objects in the look of natural science (Saunders et al, 2003). The philosophy framework adopted shall be the interpretivism, for the curtilage that corporate social responsibilities in the supply and value chain are complex and unique phenomenon which cannot be generalised in a value free manner (Saunders et al, 2003). F urthermore, social phenomenon cannot be understood from just facts but from the exploration of people different experiences and why these differences take in the different construction and meanings people give to the social world (Blumberg et al 200521).4.2 Research approachThis involves the use of theory and the design of the research (Saunders et al, 2003). The theory approach includes inducive and deductive whilst the latter involves qualitative and quantitative approach.4.2.1 DeductiveThis approached is adopted for scientific researchers were by a hypothesis is deducted and time-tested rigorously from a theory by the use of the appropriate research strategy (Saunders et al, 2003). For the certainty to be conciliate it must be both true and reasoned (Blumberg et al, 2005).4.2.2 InductiveThis involves building theory and defining the hypothesis by remark of empirical entropy (Saunders et al 2003479). This use up will have an inductive approach with the aims to understand why something is occurring and to build the theory by examine CSR in the supply and ask why it influences the value chain and so infer a hypothesis that will answer the research questions.4.2.3 qualitative vs. quantitativeThese both approaches are generally used to gather data for unique phenomenon. Quantitative approach relies on gathering of numerical data and figures only. The objective of this approach to seek answers by measuring, analysis and interpretation of data with the aid of computer programmes (Saunders et al, 2003) (Zikmund, 2003). Such quantitative data gathered from large scale surveys or from electronic database are worthy for descriptive and causative studies (Hair et al, 2003).Qualitative approach involves the gathering of non numerical data (sentences or narratives) (Blumberg et al, 2005). The researcher has more control over the part of information gathered though leading or probing questions (Blumberg et al, 2005) or if collecting primary data through cer emony method, decisions can be taken on how and where the study will take place (Blumberg et al, 2005). Typically this study requires smaller samples or slip studies and it is best suited for exploratory studies (Hair et al, 2003).4.3 Research strategyResearch strategy can be described as tool(s) utilised to answer the research questions. Saunders et al (2003) identify six main strategies experiments, Survey, case study, grounded theory, ethnography and action research that can be used, depending on the research approach selected.A case study is defined as a strategy for doing research which involves an empirical investigation of a particular contemporary phenomenon within its real life context using multiple sources of tell apart (Saunders et al 200393) In this research a case study strategy will be used because of its ability to provide answers to the why and how questions. Saunders et al, states that a simple and well constructed case study can be used to contend existing the ory and provide source to hypothesis (Saunders et al, 2003).4.4 Time horizonsThis involves decision making whether the research will be a snap shot taken a suggest in time (cross-sectional) or be a representation of event over a long period of time (longitudinal studies) (Saunders et al 200395).This research will utilise a snapshot approach or cross sectional studies because the research is not interested in change or development (Saunders et al, 2003) but at a point in time where the supply chain and value chain are influence by CSR practices.4.4.1 Research purposeSaunders et al states that research enquires can be classified in terms of their purpose. These classifications include exploratory, descriptive or explanatory studies (Saunders et al, 2003). The purpose of this study is classified as an exploratory, whose objective is to find what is happening to seek new insight to ask questions and to assess phenomena in a new light (Saunders et al, 2003).The exploratory study may be achieved by the use of both qualitative and quantitative tools but is most dependent on qualitative approach (Blumberg et al, 2005).4.5 entropy collection methodsData is collected depending on the nature of the research (Hair et al, 2003). As mentioned above this study is exploratory with the aim of exploring relevant literature and hearinging specialist on the subject (Saunders et al, 2003). Exploratory research provides the secondary data and primary data compulsory for analysis. The research aims to make use of both secondary and primary data. The fountain relates to data previously collected for other purposes and these are classified as documentary data, survey- based data and those complied from multiple sources (Saunders et al, 2003). For this research, secondary data regarding CSR practices shall be collected from relevant companies websites. In contrast primary data are collected for specific purposes through observation of peoples behaviour or utilizing semi and in-de pth wonders (Saunders et al, 2003).Primary data can be collected by two methods, observation and survey which are further sub-divided into human and electronic observation as well as self completion and interviewer administered surveys (Hair et al, 2003). In this study primary data will be collected via interviewer administered surveys of individuals (Hair et al 125). This approach is particularly helpful in collecting valid and reliable data (Saunders et al 2003 245).4.5.1 InterviewsThe primary data can collected from structured, semi-structured and unstructured interviews. This study shall employ a semi structured approach which is often used in exploratory research. This type of interview usually starts with specific questions but the respondents are permitted to follow his or her own thoughts subsequently (Blumberg et al, 2005). The interviewer has the flexibility to unpack or raise new questions depending on the organisation or change the order of the questions to suit the fl ow of the conversation (Saunders et al, 2003). This type of interview world qualitative in nature requires that data are collected by note taking or by register- recording (Saunders et al, 2003).4.5.2 take inSampling is the technique that enables the reduction of data by selecting only part of the macrocosm rather than all possible cases or elements (Saunders et al, 2003) due to time constraint. There are two approaches to choosing the appropriate sample probability or non-probability try. In probability sampling each case or element of the universe of discourse has known and none zero probability of being selected randomly (Saunders et al, 2003 486). While, for non-probability sampling the probability of each case or element being selected is not known (Saunders et al, 2003). Non probability methods include quota, purposive, snowball, self- excerption and convenience sampling. Non probability will be best suited for this study as it allow for the selection of participants th at can help answer the research questions and meet set objectives. This type of sampling is used when the researcher wishes to select cases that are particularly informatory (Saunders et al, 2003).Data Analysis and interpretationData analysis involves managing large hail of data collected by summarising and arranging it in a meaning(prenominal) format (Zikmund, 2003). Saunders et al put forward two strategies for analysis of qualitative data these are theoretical or descriptive frameworks (Saunders et al, 2003). The first strategy of theoretical framework relies on the analysis of data according to a deductive position where the use of existing theory is needed to originate research questions. The second strategy entail an inductive position whereby the descriptive framework is used to start and direct the analysis of your data (Saunders et al 389) by transforming data in a form easy to interpret (Zikmund, 2003). This research will make use of the second strategy descriptive fra mework, in order to organise the case study on the fundament of description of the general characteristics and relations to the research questions (Yin, 1994).Research LimitationLimitations should to be taken into consideration while conducting a research. This research will be investigating multiple case studies as oppose to just a single case study. This is because with multiple case studies their results are considered more burly (Blumberg et al 2005 376). However, it demands a lot of thinking on how to best select the appropriate case studies for the required evidence (ibid).The research also utilise a range of academic literatures and reputable publications. However, the literature listed in the reservoir may not include all of the best up-to-date sources. numerous other sources that could have been used but decision was taken to focus on particular literature mainly due to having access to them albeit some dated from the year 1991 and 2003. So the research structure depend s on the type of sources found. severeness and reliabilityAccording to Saunders et al reducing the possibility of getting the answer wrong means that attention has to be paid to two particular emphases on research design reliability and boldness (Saunders et al 2003100).ReliabilityThis means that the research can only be characterised as reliable, firstly if it can yield the same results consistently free from error (Saunders et al, 2003) (Zikmund, 2003). Secondly, the same observation ought to be observed by others and thirdly raw data has to be interpreted in a transparent way (Saunders et al 2003101). Reliability of a research can be tested by repeatability and internal consistency. The former involves, similar scale or measure to the same respondents at different times to concur the same result (Zikmund, 2003). If the results gathered at the different times are dissimilar this indicates a low degree of reliability (Zikmund, 2003). However this test is more suitable for longit udinal studies where there is little time constraint. Internal consistency involve the measure of homogeneity where by all similar questions are group together in a questionnaire to measure the same concept (Zikmund, 2003).ValidityOn the other hand, this is about how data collection methods accurately measure what is intended to be measured and whether the findings are really about what they turn out to be about (Saunders et al 2003101, 492). There are three tests to be used when testing quality of case studies these are construct validity, internal validity and external validity (Yin 1994 33).Table 1, summaries the three tests for validating of research. adjudicate translationCase study TacticConstruct ValidityEstablishing correct operational measures for the concept being studiedUse of multiple sources of evidenceEstablish chain of evidenceHave key information review draft case study reportInternal ValidityEstablishing a casual relationship, whereby certain conditions are shown to lead to other conditions, as high-flown from spurious relationshipDo pattern matchingDo explanation- buildingDo time- series analysisExternal ValidityEstablishing the domain to which a study findings can be generalisedUse replication system of logic in multiple- case studies.Table 1 Quality Test Description and case study tactic (Yin 1994 33)In this research, certain measures will be employed to increase the validity. To increases the construct validity it is import prior to the interview the questionnaire is pilot tested so as to ensure that respondents will have no problem to understand and answer questions (Saunders et al 2003 308). A tape recorder will be verified to ensure that data can be recorded proficiently and this should allow focus on the interview and not note taking. The benefit with a tape recorder is that it can be replayed whenever required.Internal validity concerns with explanatory studies, where the research try to determine casual relationship between varia bles (Saunders et al, 2003). This research is exploratory and the internal validity of this study is not relevant.External validity is concerned with knowing that the results of the case studies are generalise or not (Saunders et al, 2003) and retested through replication (Yin, 1994) to other research settings.Timescale

How Perception Affects Tourism In Thailand Tourism Essay

How Perception Affects touristry In Thailand Tourism EssayThis chapter is aiming to give an overview of related theories and percepts those allude to touristry intentness. The check up on in any case includes the concept of beneficial film, the depict of Thailand and inheritance tourism and too provide concept which previously has been developed by polar lookers who task the research convey in similar approach.How Perception Affect TourismThe term erudition of the tourism industry is, full generally, fag end be viewed in two aspects. The first one is the mental frame created by selling and media. An different aspect of image lav be developed by the gainrs. In general, the last will market itself as much as practical in govern to persuade the dieler to buy a trip thither (Tuohino, 2002 cited from Henkel et al, 2006). Travellers go to the stopping point in coiffure to consume the products, work and experiencing to those pressing at the finish. Travellers wi ll form their perceptions related to their chance which argon base on their former experience, friends, the internet, selling and go operator information (Kotkew, Bowen Markens, 2006). Thus, if products or services in particular end point excel traveller expectation, which means they are satisfied. On the other hand, travellers are dissatisfied when their expectations are non met (Mcdowall, 2010).According to Crompton (1979), people travel for four incompatible reasons personal business travel corporate business travel visit relatives and friends and for pleasure pass. Therefore, tourers have stereotypical image of different perception and travel messs, so it is cardinal for tourism marketers to promote the destination image to summation the number of holiday comers (Sirgy Su, 2000). Moreover, the individuals heathenish belonging and inheritance does not only affect the way people experience and interpret the products and services supplied to them, but it to a f ault make up ones mind their decision devising in regard to plectrons of vacations and destinations. Further more, customers have different perception and individual call for, which hold different values to a destination. The show of customer information is a way to discover the customer needs and their values. Thus, customers benefit the destination in the way of customers tastes and preferences which tolerate directly sum to selling new product and services in tourism industry (Reportforu, 2010).Fakeye and Crompton (1991), has outlined the touring cars image formation process (see Figure 1). It can be explained from this Figure that the consumers organic images and the induced image of tourist destination can be obtained from elsewhere, i.e. literature, friends or relatives. These messages knead a significant role and influence the evaluation of alternative travel destinations and finally in making a decision about the destination they will visit (cited from Henkel et al , 2006). Hu Ritchi (1993) stated that the more tourists think that the destination will satisfy their vacation desires, the more probable the visitors will choose the destinations.Figure 1 Faye and Cromptons Tourists Image Formation performance (Tuohino,2002).Conceptualisation of beneficial imageIt was let ond by the previous study on destination image that a destinations image could contribute to the destination-making process. During this process, travelers conformation a destination image base on the informative and glib-tongued information such as friends, password and travel agency (Rittichainuwat, 2001). Thus, an good destination image strategy will be very all-important(a) in order to make the particular destination differentiation from other countries.Cromton (1979) states that not all images can be influenced to traveler decision making process. The research examines the sexual relationships between the attribute of a destination and decision-making process of to urists. Therefore, catch the evaluative of destination characteristic image related to destination choice is needed in tourism marketing. Moreover, Kotler and Ba prosperous (1991) states that consumer will form an image based on benefit or value that they expect to get from those products or services. Sheth, Newman, and Gross (1991) suggested that marketing choice behavior is a multidimensional phenomenon involving tenfold values operable, social, emotional, epistemic, and conditional (see Appendix 1). The study in like manner states that these seven important factors are influencing market choice behaviour.Based on the theory and marketing image concept, the beneficial image lessonling was developed by Tappachai and Waryszak is shown as below.Figure 2 Beneficial image model (Tapachai Waryszak, 2000)Figure 2 shows traveller consumption values which are in the beneficial image model. These five consumption values including functional characteristic of the destinations, Social perception about the destination, emotional of traveller through the destination, epistemic of the destination which traveller can gain new experience from the destination and conditional such as accessibility to other countries that will help visitor to break up about their destinations. (Tapachai Waryzak, 2000, cited from Henkel et al, 2006). By using Thailand as an example to describe the model above, Thailands functional values are fascinating bargain shopping, variety of fare and beautiful scenery office. The social consumption will be a destination that suitable for all ages of people. The emotional value is about a place of to relax and calm. An epistemic value is a beautiful farming in Thailand and finally the conditional value is mainly about the location which traveller can easily access to other countries.According to Echtner Ritchie (1993), the destination image refers to attributes base or holistic (imagery), with each component containing functional (tangible) o r psychological (intangible or abstract) characteristic ( Echtner Ritchie, 1993). The attributes perspectives are including tourists perceptions through the characteristics of the vacation destination such as beautiful architecture and buildings, numerous cultural, diachronic attractions and psychological characteristic like inviolable place to visit and besides friendly people. Moreover, the holistic perspective of the destination relates to destination image in terms of physical characteristic such as beaches, mountain, likewise the psychological are the destinations atmosphere or mood (Echtner Ritchie, 1993 cited from Henkel et al).Rod Davies (2003) explained that every destination have its own brand image. Also, the factors like cost and convenience play an important role in decision-making of the destination. However, the strongest influence and motivator is the image of the tourism destination (Davies, 2003). Therefore, images are the brand identity which tourist can be pe rceived. In addition, images can be both increase and lessening the infusion of the destination by traveller (Henkel et al). However, Bigne et al. (2001) argued that image is not only influences the destination choice, but also has an influence on the evaluation of the destination afterward the vacation. It can be explained that whether or not traveller will backtrack to the destination (Bigne et al, 2001 cited from Henkel et al). Moreover, a high positive image of particular destination is more likely to be chosen by tourist in the process of decision-making (Echtner Ritchie, 1993). In conclusion, image play an important role for tourist satisfaction and the preconceive image of destination will influence tourist decision on their vacation destination.The image of ThailandDestination image can be both positive and negative image, if two destinations have close offering the same characteristics for traveller perception. Therefore, the more positive image of a destination place , the more likely that traveler will go thither (Rittichainuwat, 2001).Thailand is not only positioning as a land of pull a face as a result of friendly people and a safe place destination, but also considerable as cultural, natural and diachronic attractions. Due to the study of Yau and Chan on the image of Southeast Asian, Thailand has been perceived as a reasonable price, beautiful beaches and various attractions (Rittichainuwat, 2001). In addition, Tapachai Waryszak conduct a study about benefit image characteristic of Thailand and grouped the results of research showed that the functional attributes of cheap shopping, variety of food, friendly people and historic sites as well as the epistemic attribute of experiencing rich culture in Thailand (Henkel et al, 2006). Furthermore, the research between Tourism Authority in Thailand (TAT) and Siam University showed the result that there was a positive image as a natural and historical travel destination (Henkel et al., 2006). Th is positive image can be reflected by the award winning destination from different countries, for example, International Tourisms Bourse Berlin (ITB), awarded the four go Asia Awards honouring best service provides for travel to Asia in 2010, the Swedish grand travel award has ranked Thailand as the institution Best Tourist nationHowever, Thailand has also suffered from a negative image because of prostitution, pollution which led to the celestial latitude of tourist attractions (Rittichainuwat et al., 2001). Prideaux et al. (2004) has also stated that the image of Thailand is an erotic destination. In addition, the image of Thailand also related to international news coverage by express that Thailand is a place of prostitution. These negative images can, obviously, affect visitors and might make them do not want to visit Thailand. This also leads to the cause of some health and moral issues in Thailand (Henkel et al., 2001). However, the Tourism Authority of Thailand (TAT) ne ver promotes Thailand as a sex tourism destination (Prideaux et al., 2004). Suwanmolis study about international media coverage of prostitution in Thailand, the result found that foreign get overers usually report the negative side such AIDS and prostitution because this kind of news very easily get attention from publics. Moreover, Suwanmoli explained that there are a high number of as many as 2.8 million prostitutes works in Thailand (Rittichainuwat, 2001). Therefore, the government should be concerned of this issue in order to minimize the pandemic deceases and prostitution. Alternatively, Thai government must actively assay to reduce the images of negative such as sex tourism through positive image marketing of other tourism products and trying to decrease the illegal activities such as prostitution within the country (Henkel et al, 2006).Finally, Thailands image has suffered from a declination of tourist attractions, pollution, traffic jam, lack of new tourist attractions and the image of sex tourism. Additionally, Ahmed states that once a negative image is realized in the minds of potential travelers, even a full range of marketing activities cannot entirely reverse it. Thus, Marketers only able to do little to use up the negative image. In contrast, marketer can offset the negative perception by creating positive images through promotional strategies, including advertising, arranging the events, and hosting international conventions and exhibitions (Rittichainuwat, 2001). hereditary pattern TourismThe vast majority of literature on inheritance, apart from the philosophical and intellectual, has concerned itself with heritage tourism, a sector that has grown globally and also created the revenue and employment for undeveloped countries (Misiura, 2006). According to The World Tourism organic law (1992) defines heritage tourism as an immersion in the natural history, serviceman heritage, arts, doctrine and intuitions of another region or country (Law s Pan, 2004). Moreover, Rowan and Baram (2004) describe heritage tourism as a consumerist phenomenon and hence marketing of this phenomenon is brim to be driven by capitalist tendencies. (cited from Chabra, 2009). Thus, the core of heritage marketing is to find out what the customer want and deliver it. Particularly, in relation to built environment, i.e., the marketing activity should be design to stimulate ask and satisfy the customer but not to the detriment of that which needs to conserves for future generation (Misiura, 2006, p.2).Yale (1991), explains that the heritage tourism is a centred on what we acquire from historic buildings, to art works, to beautiful scenery. Ashworths (2000) defined the comodification and the past in heritage tourism which is based on the commoditized, building, memories and experiences of the past (cited from Grace Yan et al). From the demand aspect, the heritage tourism is about finding something which is linking between the present and the pa st and traveller emotional experiences (Richards 1997 and Prentice 1993). However, Poria et al. (2001) argued that the relationship of heritage tourism should be based on the individual and the heritage presented rather than on specific site attributes. In addition, they described heritage tourism as a subgroup of tourism, in which the main motivation for visiting a site is based on the places heritage characteristics according to tourists perception of their own heritage (Poria et al., 2001, p. 1048). Also, in order to combined both supply and demand by explaining that heritage tourism relies on the strength of both the push and pull factors of the resources located in area in order to appeal to the potential tourists (Apostolakis (2003, p. 800) Cited from Grace Yan et al). hereditary pattern visitor, try to find the different benefits from trips.. Poria et al. (2004) pointed out that the reasons for visiting heritage sites for travellers can be grouped places in to three categorie s which are under the headings of heritage experience, learning. These explain that there are people with a strong concern in emotionally involved with a sense of belonging to the site. In contrast, for some tourists, heritage tourism is more than an educational or unskilled experience. This further suggested by Martin et al. (2004, p.131), determining the potential of heritage tourism and the possible impact and the marketing direction needed to attract these visitors will be less speculative if the nature of the tourist is better understoodWorld heritage is the programme administered by the UNESCO, the programme aims to catalogue, name, and conserve sites of outstanding cultural or natural importance to the common heritage of humanity and to raise awareness of how to maintain the sites to last for future generations of humanity (Thaiwh, 2010). In Thailand, there are World Heritage sites of Ayutthaya, Sukhothai, Si Satchanalai and Kamphaengphet provinces. There are rich heritag e and magnificent architecture that make them as The World Heritage sites which are listed in 1991 by UNESCO (UNESCO, 1992).Therefore, the marketing of heritage, especially heritage tourism will contribute the benefit in order to serve the products and services to customers relate to those World heritage sites in Thailand. It can be seen that strategic planning has been used within many organizations. The successful travel and tourism must not only understand who the customers are but also know how to market them in order to satisfy the needs of their customers. In addition, tourism organisations should identify group of customers with homogeneous characteristics and behaviors and try to adapt their offer to the unique needs and desires of the segment members. Heritage marketing, therefore, is both guidance philosophy and as set of business techniques. It is very important to recognise that the management of tourism will be ineffective without an understanding of the way tourists c onsumers make decisions and act in relation to the consumption of tourism products. This research not only provides an opportunity for people to fulfill their individual needs, but surpassing their expectations and ensuring that it benefits greatly toward the World Heritage sites in Thailand (Reportforu, 2010).ConclusionThe literature reappraisaled has provided general information about the perception of the tourists through the image of Thailand and Thailands image dimensions. However, the review has also identified both positive and negative image which moved(p) to tourists destination choice. It is worth noting that the concepts described in previous articles, journals and text book, are pertaining and believed to have a direct effect on to the research model which is proposed in the current investigation. Therefore, the proposed research model and hypotheses formulation will be discussed in following chapter.

The Market Audit And Preliminary Marketing Plan Marketing Essay

The grocery store Audit And foregoing Marketing propose Marketing EssayThe securities industry audit and preliminary grocery store invention is prep argond to inspect eating the alone in sheepskin coatiistaniistan. It has been based on the marketplaceplace analysis such(prenominal) as socio-cultural and economic analysis of Afghanistaniistan and too, determines how to shelter to launch the SOLO point of intersectionion, which is calculate market and how to be adapted to reconcile into Afghanistan market as surface as determine the competitors. Based on this analysis, preliminary marketing plan has been prep atomic number 18d to determine the marketing mix.Firstly, the crossroad, SOLO is a brand of a carbonated lemon-flavored low-key salute. Sports crisp is required in Afghanistan where dry desert atomic number 18. The ware may be accredited by slightly kinds of pot, including young Afghans who carry been affected by Hesperian gardening, the exte rnal workers and the members of world-wide military which stationed in Afghanistan. alone as a red- bitter health easy fox pull up stakes be know and chose.This cottony drink (SOLO) volition be sold in cap neighborhood at premier(prenominal). In this athletic field, not barely the people piss stronger purchasing power, but also thither are numerous conflicting officers and business community working and living in chief city field. In addition, this intersection point shit pass away out in the field of stress meanness of foreign companies, hotels, bars, known restaurants then trigger to topical anesthetic retailers.This return go out also be sold by opposite middlemen. Roshan weed community is a topical anaesthetic Mineral Water and Carbonated touchy tope manufacturer. We go away corporation with Roshan then our product tin affair its marketing impart and share the market appreciation.The competition of Afghanistans drink market is not inten se competition and our product can own a bigger market in Afghanistan, but still got many competitors such as Coca-Cola.The goal for SOLO is to entry into the Afghan approximately(prenominal) master(prenominal) cities, any(prenominal) jacket crown city- Kabul to triple-crownly enter the Afghan market, to achieve a 10% market share within the counterbalance abuse and to get up to a large carryr a taste of this product (Soft drink not only cola).This product pass on attract modern customers (Foreigners and locals) for the soft drink.The hindquarters markets are the hot summertime cities and arid conditions, where Afghan people prefigure a huge market for clean and refreshing non-alcoholic beverages (Non-drinker for religious intellects). anticipate gross revenue in 2010 go out be approximately AU$ 80 one one one one thousand thousand million million million million million with enlarges expected. The origin course of study is the repair year, due to the hig h gearer(prenominal)est live associated with view up the requirements. Follow the sales operating and dissemination frames start to work, in the add uping years, the profit expectations will be higher measuring by step.The product will be adapted to fit the market in Afghanistan. These adaptations include the publicity, bottling size, discolour and so on. We will swop paper cupful and tripe packaging in Afghanistan that does not sell in Australia to decrease cost and nourishment the value low. advertizement will be the first show in a new-fangled market and also the first choice for a company to transfer with potential customers. The main advertize plan is to use television, radio, internet, newspapers and billboards. The some otherwise way of TV advertisements is in a form of product fundamentment. In addition, we will use two types of sales promotion which are disdain sales promotion and consumer sales promotion. Moreoer, we also use personal selling method and other promotional tools. dispersion will include tape drive by shipping, flight and motor carrying from Perth to Kabul. The product will be sold in the outlet of Roshan Cola phoner and variety of other retail outlets which is a local agent who is old(prenominal) with local conditions is very necessary to sales in Afghanistan such as hotels/ resorts, restaurants, convenience store and vending machine.Finally, pro forma financial statements and budget has been prepared to demonstrate its evaluated profits and sales with expenses in the first year to the ordinal year. Profit expectation will be lower in the first year due to the highest costs with additional resources for set up. Over fiver years, profit and sales will significantly increase with reducing dissemination costs.As a result, the launch of SOLO into the Afghanistan market has to be successful with better profit for the SOLO Company.Market AuditIntroduction avocation is the afghan socio-cultural and economic analys is. It may be helpful to entirely move into the afghan market successfully.Socio-cultural analysis-Geography Afghanistan is an inland country in south and borders with Pakistan, Tajikistan, Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and China. It is dry to semiarid and cold in winter and hot in summer (Afghanistans web site ACC, n.d.). Plateau and mountainous make up 2/3 of 647,500 sq km land. Moreover, there is a wide range of desert in this country (Saba Bakhter, 1997).-Education literacy rates Afghans valued religious direction instead of science, technology and literature studies in the past. At present, 54 thou children are studying in school. However, there perplex been 11 million illiterates in Afghanistan (Qazi, 2008).-Health care According to Blood (2001), there is a high mortality rate of infants and pregnant women. Moreover, the health of afghan children is threatened by the some(prenominal) of infectious and parasitic diseases. And still worse, the yearn war leads to the t housands of injuries and reparation of medical facilities. On the other hand, many international organizations help Afghans break the basic preventive and curative primary health services.-Political legal system Afghanistan is an Islamic Republic, and the major constitution is established according to Islamic law. However, there is not a uniform legal system in Afghanistan because of the long war. (Lau, n.d.).-Language Pashto and Dari are the major official languages of Afghanistan. In Afghanistan, 35% of people speak Pashto and 50% of people speak Dari. Moreover, Turkic languages, including Uzbek and Turkmen, are the main languages too in Afghanistan (Qazi, n.d.).Economic analysis- issueulation An estimated data of the existence of Afghanistan in 2003 is 23,897,000 and the annual growth rate of Afghan population is 3.88% between 2000 and 2005. However, these data is unsure because the long civil war leads to the large gets pool of death and emigrants (Afghanistan-Population, n.d.).-Gross domestic product Agriculture is the main revenue source. A large amount of food products, including corn, rice, barley, w alter, vegetables, fruits and nuts, offer the opportunities of export. In addition, the life interchangeable mineral has been the main economic pillar industries (Qazi, 2010).-Foreign investment In present, only approximately companies are investing public transport and infrastructure, such as telecommunications, posit delivery and aviation, because of the long war in Afghanistan (Herold, 2003).On the other hand, a trillion horses worth of minerals, including copper, iron, chromium, magnesium, rubies, emeralds, lapis lazuli, nickel, mercury, gold, silver, lithium, and uranium, are found in Afghanistan in June 2010. In addition, many countries form been aware of the opportunity of investment in Afghanistan. (H economic aidari, 2010).- mete out restrictions A highly credit lineiveiated importing tariff regime has been the main trade restriction s in Afghanistan. Though the government of Afghanistan has made some measures, such as adjusting the tariff rates and decreasing the process of the import license applications, to meliorate trade pol nippy and customs administration in recent years, some problems are affecting the trades firstly, the shortcoming of government leads to the weakness of business surround secondly, transport and other infrastructural cons directt the trade thirdly, the main support services, such as commercial insurance and freight forwarding are lacking fourthly, government restraint against the use of foreign trucks fifthly, the local authorities increase the fee of transport and finally, some complex customs checks are ofttimes in some problematic border areas (Afghanistan Trade Policy and Integration, 2010).The productSolo is a brand of a carbonated lemon-flavored soft drink. Schweppes Australia launched this soft drink as a sports drink in 1973. Schweppes Australia defines it as manly drink and cooperates with AFL (Australia Football League) perennially. Moreover, it has had 6 nisuss Regular Lemon, Lemon Lime, Solo hero sandwich (no added sugar), Solo Strong, guarana and caffeine (Solo (soft drink), n.d.).Evaluation the product as an innovationSports drink is necessary in Afghanistan where dry desert are. The product may be consented by some kinds of people, including young Afghans who have been affected by western culture, the foreign workers and the members of international military which stationed in Afghanistan. Solo as a new health soft drink will be known and chose.AdvantageSolo could help drinkers replenish lost body of water and energy after a lot of movement. It is health because the materials of solo are all natural and it do not include too such(prenominal) cocaine. In addition, incompatible flavors of solo drinks are for different people and the cheaper price is the main reason of the choice of many people.Relative advantageFirstly, solo as a sports drin k will be liked by the young Afghans who like sports. Moreover, it is a frank choice for the workers in desert. Furthermore, the product from Australia should attract the international garrison, especially Australian soldiers. In addition, it is beneficial to Afghan government because import of solo could relieve water shortage.CompatibilityFirstly, the sport enthusiasts and soldiers could accept solo quickly. Moreover, Afghanistan is a large drink market because of the lack of water. In addition, Coca-Cola and Pepsi have been known by Afghans and the soft drink market has been developing gradually. As a result, solo will have a brotherly market prospect in Afghanistan.Major problems and resistances to productThe flavor with lowly sour may be not liked by Afghans. Because of the different culture, Afghans magnate reject the products from western. As a result, Afghans could not accept the new comer western drink at the beginning.The price of solo might be not accepted by most of Afghans who have only low income. As a result, it becomes very important that company posit to discuss with Afghan government to overcome the costs of transport and tariff.The marketThis soft drink (SOLO) will be sold in capital area at first. In this area, not only the people have stronger purchasing power, but also there are many foreign officers and businessmen working and living in capital area. According to Afghan economy go down and internal transportation condition, this will slowly move into the general population in Afghanistan.Describe the market(s) in which the product is to be soldThis soft drink will be served in Afghanistan capital area (tropical area and dry) where have more and more foreign officers and international businessmen entry Afghanistan, to implement post-war reconstruction and partake The UN economic aid program.Geographical region(s)-Capital city Kabul (200, 0000 populations)-Paghman region Paghman (15, 0000 populations)-Jalalabad region Jalalabad (20 , 5000 populations)Kabul res publica is made up of 14 districts Paghman is a part of it. Jalalabad is a main city in AfghanistanForm of transportation and communication available in that region-In Kabul city There is the nation biggest international aerodrome in Kabul. The airport is connected to Kabul from a 4 alley highway. This airport has two main cargo airline operate by Emirates Sky Cargo and Etihad Crystal Cargo (operated by World Airways), happen among Afghanistan, Dubai, Abu Dhabi and Sharjah. Follow by the post-war reconstruction by dint ofput will be expanded in 2011, which is when Ariana Afghan Airlines and Kam Air will receive their new airplanes. Trucks are the better(p) choice to transport goods from airport to another district, or to the other cities of this area. In several years, Afghan government, with the help of foreign companies or organizations, has working on many of Kabuls roads. During the war, many Kabuls roads have been broken, but follow the attract ed the worry of international society, Kabul gets more and more help from many countries to construct the highways and main roads in Kabul city. (xpatulator.com)-Paghman region There is a habitual place near Kabul, Paghman garden is the very famous place where people relax and spend weekends with families and friends. Paghman is a village employ to be a royal garden. But now is open to the public. Because this area is so close to the Kabul city and also there is a pass resort and beauty spot. The transportation is convenient trucks can though this area and the roads condition can be accepted.-Jalalabad region There is a very important place in Afghanistan, there is connected by roads with Kabul and Peshawar in Pakistan. There has highway between the city of Jalalabad and Kabul. All the trade between the two nations (Afghanistan and Pakistan) passes through this city. Highway transportation will be served in this area.All of the regions have highways linking the Kabul internatio nal Airport. Follow post-war reconstruction, get more and more help from developed countries to make better and maintain the road infrastructure. Currently, at least 22 Internet wait on Providers giving their services in Afghanistan. (cia.gov) In 2007 there were at least 535000 users, mostly in the capital area. At the same time, Television and receiving set are served in Afghanistan, they have English TV programs and English radio receiver programs and several different languages programs (Kabul Radio). The table shows internet users in Afghanistan around several years(internetworldstats.com n.p 2010)Consumer grease ones palmsing habitsSoft drink, especially soda drink is bought as a very famous recreational beverage in many years. different cultures people have the same habit that drink the icy soda drink in summertime. The carbon dioxide in soda drink can bring out human body quantity heat by hiccup. Afghanistan is a four distinct seasons country, in summer there is hot and dry. Follow by post-war reconstruction many foreign officers and businessmen entry Afghanistan, drinking soda drink is in their culture. And this habit will affect local population in the years that followed. Almost Afghan are Muslim, they do not drink beer and alcohol. Soda will be the second welcome recreational beverage in their society croupe tea drink.Product-use patterns-Foreigners consume the product as part of the daily make and holiday experience. Due to the locations and season chosen, the heat associated with these areas it will be employ for cooling down and quenching consumers thirst. In Kabul area is hot in summer and owing to the geographic reason this area is dry.-Locals consume the product as part of the holiday experience. Due to the religion reason almost Afghan do not drink beer and alcohol drink. The product can be as a recreational beverage into their culture and also can be consumed any day or on special occasions.Product feature preferencesThis preference in Afghanistan for can and depressed furnish also can be in glass bottom in some cases to reduce cost. The 6 cans case and 24 cans lash will be sold in supermarket and other retailers stigmatize. Soda drink can be bought for storage at home or in offices. For convenience stores, glass bottom and paper cup will be welcomed because the price will be lower.Shopping habitsForeigners who come from China, America and atomic number 63 would most likely buy the product for work or outside activities that are chilled for drinking in offices or during hikes to somewhere. The product will be for cooling down and relaxing on their free time.Locals will buy chilled packs for cooling down or later consumption with dinner. Convenience stores or supermarket will be the most likely place they could buy the soft drink. Festivals and family parties will increase consumption of the product.Distribution of the productOwing to the natural of the dissemination from foreigners to locals this product w ill start out in the region of stress concentration of foreign companies, hotels, bars, famous restaurants then move to local retailers.Typical retail outletsTypesPlansHotels BarsBeginning Will sell in main hotels and bars, where foreigners usually stay. Glass bottom and can package will be sold.Supermarkets retailersSecond wave Will sell 6 cans package and 24 cans packages in local supermarkets, for foreigners and locals later consumption.Convenience stores and kiosksExpanding to the local market and demand pulls the product through the credit line, it is long range plan.Vending machinesA part of second wave, main put in expatriates communities and foreign offices.Airports and train stationsTarget for the tourists (both foreign and local). Service stations in beautiful spots as well.Product sales by other middlemenRoshan Cola Company is a local Mineral Water and Carbonated Soft Drink manufacturer. We will corporation with Roshan then our product can use its marketing channels a nd share the market range. Due to Roshan Company is from Afghanistan, it deeply understands the local market and we will digest more competitive tycoon products. (alibaba.com) advertize and promotionAdvertising media usually used to r severally your target market(s)Will be used television advert on local TV channels both in local language channels and English channels will be painted in connecter billboards by side of highway and on the side of houses. In some areas, taxi advertising will be used too.Sales promotions customarily usedSampling and discount are the main types used in soft drink industry.Pricing dodgeCustomer mark-upsThe Afghan pretension rate (consumer prices) is 20.7% in 2008 and 30.5% in 2009. (cia.gov)Types of discounts availableDiscounts can be as high as 10% in summer and as high as 15% in winter, depends on different season.Compare and contrast your product and the competitions product(s)Competitors productsBrand give awayThe competition of Afghanistans bev erage market is not intense competition. Our product can own a large market in Afghanistan, but still got many competitors. Such as Coca-Cola, Coca-cola is the most famous beverage company in the world. In 2005, Coca-cola came back to Afghanistan beverage market, and it cooperation with Habib Gulzar Non-Alcoholic Beverages Firm. Coca-cola became to domestic product.FeaturesCoca-Cola is carbonic acid beverage as same as our product, but it is different taste and different area. Afghanistan is a large market. Different customers have different habits. Our products can be chosen by different people, although Solo and Coca-Cola are competitors.PackageCoca-Cola got two types package, such as Pop Can and P uttermost(a)ic bottle. Also it got 375ML, 2Lites and 500ML for capacity. When Coca-Cola back to Afghanistan, it wrote Coca-Cola back to Afghanistan. in 2005.Competitors prices forward 2005, Afghanistan sold Coca-Cola were import from Iran and Pakistan. At that time, the price of Coca-co la is 0.4 USD, but when Coca-Cola produced in domestic. The price decrease to 0.2 USD to sale in Afghanistan.Competitors promotion and advertising methodsCoca-cola Company is a large company around the world. They used their forces to impact customers. Beverage companies forever use TV, radio and internet advertising to advertise their products. It was so famous when Coca-Cola back to Afghanistan. Media support also a important way to ameliorate brand force. That will lead people to choose which beverage to drink.Competitors statistical distribution channelsCoca-colas distribution channel is use every retail shop and supermarket to selling their product, because Coca-cola is a famous company in the world. Most of shops and supermarkets are willing to sell it. Vending machine is also another distribution channels, also include hotel and bars.Market sizeEstimated industry sales for the cookery yearThe Afghanistan beverage market has been steadily growing over the last fewer years. Before Coca-cola company moving in to Afghanistan. Afghanistan already had a large population like drink beverages. Afghanistan has 33million population, most of goods need import from other countries include beverage, so build a factory and sell it domestic is the best way to selling our product.Estimated sales for your company for the plan yearCompare with the Coca-Cola company sale their product. They planned 4 million boxes to sale in each year. We cannot sale so many like Coca-Cola Company, but as we think 1 million boxes in each year is the first target. In the follow years each year increase 10% until as same as Coca-cola.Government enfolding in the marketplaceAgencies that can help youAssistance with launching the Solo beverage brand in Afghanistan may be sought from some of the following agenciesEmbassy of AfghanistanMinistry of Commerce Industries (MoCI)Ministry of Finance (MoF)Afghan Customs Department (Division of MoF)Afghanistan reconstructive memory and Development Service (ARDS)Department of Commerce Afghanistan Investment Reconstruction line of work ForceDepartment of State Bureau of Economic and Business Affairs, Afghan DeskDepartment of State United States Agency for International Development (USAID) foreign Private Investment Corporation (OPIC)Australian Embassy(http//www.embassyofafghanistan.org/documents/BusinessandInvestmentResourceGuide-Jan012009.pdf)Regulation you must followOur company must follow Government Policy. Customs brokers must be employed to process any products imported into Afghanistan and are to gunslingermit an signification Declaration to Customs. The importer needs to be registered on the Treasury Ministrys National Importers register and in the case of beverages importers must also be registered on the register of Importers in Specific Sectors and the Federal Taxpayers. Taxes also need to submit to government.Preliminary Marketing PlanThe marketing planIn todays Afghanistan, consumer demand will remain unfu lfilled, as available imports are often of expensive, poor quality, or both. Simplex product form will remain unfulfilled Afghan consumers at all. The market for soft drink is exceptionally large in capital city area of approximately 380,000 people, where temperatures can often over 40C in the summertime.Marketing objectivesThe goal for SOLO is to entry into the Afghan several main cities, around capital city- Kabul. This product will attract new customers (Foreigners and locals) for the soft drink.To successfully enter the Afghan marketTo achieve a 10% market share within the first stepTo win to a large consumer a taste of this product (Soft drink not only cola)Target market(s) (specific description of the market)The target markets are the hot summertime cities and arid conditions, where Afghan people indicate a huge market for clean and refreshing non-alcoholic beverages (Non-drinker for religious reasons). evaluate sales year 2010-2015Expected sales in 2010 will be approximately AU$ 80 million with increases expected. Follow the first couple of years when it finds its place in Afghanistan, for instance, consumers begin to know this brand and fall in pick out with the taste, through the product advertising. Expected sales for the first five years are as the tableYearSales in AU dollar201080 million2011120 million2012200 million2013240 million2014280 millionProfit expectations year 2010-2014The first year profit expectations will be lowest the first year is the repair year, due to the highest cost associated with setting up the requirements. Follow the sales operating and distribution systems start to work, in the following years, the profit expectations will be higher step by step.YearsProfit in AU dollar20103.8 million201128million201242 million201356 million201470 millionMarket penetration and coverageThe capital city-Kabul will be targeted heavily, owing to its position and population and foreigners collection location. At the same time, there is resort area that attracts local and tourists.Product adaptation or modificationThe product will be adapted to fit the market in Afghanistan. These adaptations include the packaging, bottling size, color and so on. We will sell paper cup and glass packaging in Afghanistan that does not sell in Australia to reduce cost and keep the price low. The smaller bottling size is a great size for the forgeries and locals for lunch or dinner, and also for outdoor activities, easy to carry.Core componentThe stub component of SOLO is soda, sugar and fruit flavors. There are 4 variants of this product original lemon, lemon lime, solo strong and solo sub (sugar free). The latest addition is solo strong and also, it is energy drink which contains guarana and caffeine. This variant is to fit in with male consumers who like energy drink. In the other hand SOLO SUB is to fit in female consumers who do not like sugar.Packing componentThe products label must have the following information, both in Afghan and EnglishBrand name of the productType of product (carbonated beverage/energy drink/ Moslem drink)Country of originCompany name and addressCompany guide wordNutrition information table (especially alcohol-free)Short introduction of Company loot contentSupport services componentWe will set a support service line in the form of an 1800 number (Toll-free predict number) for consumers. At the same time, our home page (Afghan) will create an area for consumers feedback with any problems or advices. The number and web address will be clearly identified on the packaging.Promotion mixAdvertisingAdvertising will be the first show in a new market and also the first choice for a company to communicate with potential customers. Advertising can send the information quickly to the audiences and has a huge reach. It always accesses the mass media and makes affection in short time. Advertising can develop market and reinforces the brand and helps us sells our products.The main advertising plan is to use television, radio, internet, newspapers and billboards. After economic analysis and research, television is the highest used media in Afghanistan. Not like internet, on TV set can be watched by one person or whole families. The number of the audiences can be huge and the affection will be deeply.The other way of TV advertisements is in a form of product placement. Placing the product advertisements before or behind the news or others TV programs (sports or cartoon) will increase the reach for our product. blue on is the theme for SOLOs advertisements, it is a free lifestyle, to educate the target market on happiness and passion.The other form of advertising used will be billboards. There is a great form of outdoor advertising which is use a paint on building envelopes and beside the freeways where they command high-density consumer exposure.The radio advertising is a form of advertising via radio. Local radios in Afghanistan have big range of audiences, both foreigners and locals (Radios have English programs).The newspaper and magazine advertisements will be a continuation of the television and radio advertisements using pictures. The internet advertisements as well to put in this market by the follow step.ObjectivesTo let consumers (foreigners who are not Australian and locals) understanding our product and fall in love with it (Taste and this lifestyle).To make an impact in the target market in those cities we have chosen to march on SOLO, using different media.Not only invoke the product but also promote the Australian lifestyle- Game on (happiness and passion, especially for locals).Media mixFirst step we will use TV advertisements to open the market, make consumers to know us. Radio and billboards are the second step to make consumers understand what we provide that not only just soft drink but also a lifestyle. Internet is the auxiliary channel to expand the market range. Four different media will work together. communicateThe information wil l send to consumers clearly. We promote a lifestyle which called Game on. Let consumers feel happy and fill with passion.Sales promotionsThere are two types of sales promotions Trade sales promotion and consumer sales promotion. Trade sales promotion is known to repel the products through the retailers, induce retailers into stocking and financial backing certain products. Consumer sales promotion attempts to pull a response from consumers give directly to consumers to encourage them into action.The trade sales promotion system to the selected outlets will include discounts and surrender part of the profits. In another way, push strategy used will be for staff of retailers to give them push silver for not only stocking products but also supporting them.The consumer sales promotion strategy includes many maneuvers to induce purchasing of SOLO. The first tactic will be to sell the soft drink in glass bottle and in paper cup. This will be a popular style to sell SOLO in Afghanista n, because these packaging will reduce the cost and keep our price always lower and it is a good packaging for lunch or dinner. The second tactic is to run a redemption game is called Kick the can The game will modify player to win an I-pod and we will put the competition show on our official website. The players have an opportunity is watched by the whole world.ObjectivesA push strategy to retailers by surrender part of the profits.A pull strategy to promote to new customers of offering a redemption game.Personal sellingPersonal selling is the face- to- face promotion of the products to the customers by agents, store employees, assistants and transaction officers. It can be effective because of the persuasiveness of the sales staff that has the might to inform a customers decision.The personal selling can be in a way by local boys who wear the sportswear (yellow jersey) to promote SOLO. Looking like the sports star in the commercials and newspaper advertisement to provide taste testing and distribute the circular.Other promotional toolsThe current

Food Security and Nutrition Situation of Nepal

solid nutrient Security and bread and butter Situation of NepalAn Assignment on viands security department department ANALYSISSubmitted byBibek ThapaBidhya GautamBinod RanaChandan ShilpakarChiran AdhikariChura Mani BhusalDipak ShahiDeny Kumar ShresthaDev Raj Gupta intromissionNepal is a nutriment famine, record locked and least developed soil, having a hoi polloi of more than 27 gazillion the great unwashed. Around 31 per centum pack in the country live below poverty level. Around 49.3 percent of under-five children argon chronicall(a)y malnourished. Globally, Nepal ranks 144th out of 182 countries in terms of its Human ontogenesis Index (UNDP, 2009). Annual race growth rate of the country is 2.2 percent. It is estimated that the countrys population in 2025 will reach 40.5 million, with anticipated difficulties of fulfilling the viands requirements. Nepalese parsimony dominated by agriculture, 65.6 % of total population is directly or indirectly depend on agricultur e. Since last couple of years, population dependent on agriculture gestate been decreased (Sanjel, 2005). Apart from the small holding, new(prenominal) sources of income argon livestock, wages, migration, etc. Of total income, 48 % from farm, 28 % from off-farm, 11 % from foreign subsidence and 13 % from other source (WFP MoAC, 2009). dishearten 1 Nepal HDI Trend yearHDI19800.30919900.40720000.520050.53720060.54720070.553Source HDR, 2009The geography, political situation and cultural practices in the country atomic number 18 diverse. Peoples plan of attack to health facilities, give lessonsing, employment opportunities and hygienics and c ar practices is limited. After 10 years of armed conflict (1996 -2006), the country is under a transitional period of establishing constitutional democracy after signing of a ataraxis accord in November 2006 and the Constituent Assembly election held in April 2008. The ten long insurgency caused a loss of 13,347 lives in the country (UNDP , 2009 a). opinion OF FOOD SECURITY feed hostage exists when all people, at all times, have inlet to sufficient, unafraid and nutritious viands to meet their dietetic needs and solid food preferences for an active and healthy life. The concept of food security has four pillars (availability, access, utilization and stability). The issue of food security is multidimensional, that varies across countries, cordial groups and time.Widespread poverty is the major cause for food peril. victuals peril and hunger remain pervasive in Nepal, not only in food deficit districts but also within marginalized communities in districts with extra food production. Food and financial crisis is gradually increasing, chronic food insecurity since 1990 in Western hills (Adhikari and Bhole, 1999), and total number of food insecure people be 6.9 million (OCHA, 2008). Feudalism and labor arrangement system are also the reason for food insecurity. Consequences of food insecurity are that myopic have already exhausted their saving to buy food, sold the blank space and maturationd school dropout. on that point is a correlation between areas of steep poverty and high mal victuals and areas of most impacted by conflict.Nationally, 47 % of the polish owning HHs owned only 15 % of the convey with an average size of slight than 0.5 ha, whereas the top 5 % owned nearly 37 % of dirt. A new-fashioned rough estimate by WFP stated that the minimum amount of land required for HHs self-sufficiency is approximately 0.54 ha (OCHA, 2008).DIMENSION OF FOOD SECURITYFood AvailabilityAvailability of food is affected by wanting(p) awkward productivity, inadequate rural infrastructure, and seasonal food shortages. In heap up and percentage terms, the deficit is usually 3-5% of total utilization in cereal equivalent. Situation of food availability and access are very unevenly distributed over the country, and areas with the lowest production and greatest deficit per capita also unravel to be the ones with low incomes, highest rates of overty and malnutrition, and they are often the most far and inaccessible. Since 1990, at national level, overall food production is deficit and Nepal has been a net cereal importer for most years during the last two decades (FAO, 2008).Table 2 Food Deficit for 2009CropDeficit (Mt)Paddy150,000 tipsiness straw and barley130,000Maize120,000Total400,000Source WFP Food security air -24, August 2009The Hill and Mountain regions are particularly food deficit and more vulnerable to drought. The low production is largely due to the prepotency of rain fed agriculture, traditional farming practices, limited agri-input, inadequate practiced advice for farmers due to poor extension service, poverty and limited availability of credit, and normal droughts and floods. In addition, the conflict has reduced farmers access to production inputs and commercializes and reduced the motif of farmers, allegers and traders to expand their act ivities. The overleap of growth in crop production greatly limits the potential for crop diversification which leads to nutritionaryly unbalanced and poorly alter HH food consumption patterns. Only around 40 % of rural households produce enough food to meet their year round needs. A 3.4 million land holdings produce barely enough food to meet sextette months of household food needs. Average farm size is less than 0.8 ha and the parcels are scattered rendering difficulty for commercialization and management care. reduction in % of agrarian household from 83 % (1995) to 78 % (2003/04) and significantly in average size of land holding (CBS 2004).Livestock contributes about 30 % to agricultural GDP and projected to rise to 45 % by 2015. consort to NLSS (2004), livestock accounts for about 20 % of total agricultural income, after crops (50 %). It is also a major household asset used to mitigate short shocks (FAO, 2008).Food AccessPhysical and financial causes affect food access an d it is restricted due to scarce nonagriculturalIncome possibilities, limited access to productive resources, lack of functioning services and substandard managerial and organizational capacity. This is a appraise of a households entitlement to food. A 2008 WFPs study shows that 75 % of surveyed HHs did not have sufficient access to food, and more than 95 % of very poor HHs had scrimpy access to food.Food UtilizationProper food utilization requires comely food handling, adequate education on health and nutrition, child care, hygiene and sanitation, health care, etc. A total of 55% to 85% of drinking weewee sources are micro-biologically contaminated (OCHA, 2008).Stability/photo to FoodHHs and individuals essential have access to food at all times, either new or processed. However, sometimes they can be affected by orthogonal shocks (droughts, floods, conflict, poor political and economic governance and climatic crisis or seasonal food insecurity) and internal shocks (loss of income, illness).ROLE OF WOMEN IN FOOD SECURITY concord to FAO, in developing country, 60 -80 % of total food production is contributed by women, and they have been leadd in subsistence farming (Kantipur, 2009). Capacity building of women in contrastive sectors contributes to improve the livelihoods of the family, community and whole country. Almost 100 % women memorize responsibility for nurturing and care of children, and ideas, believe and practice change of women contributes a locoweed to improve nutritional status of children and women themselves.REASON FOR FOOD INSECURITY main reasons for food insecurity are categorized according to four pillars and distributor point is given inAnnex 3Availability Low agricultural production and productivity and high population growth Small land holding Feudalism and labor management Misuse of food commodities dependency syndrome on food aid.Access Unequal food distribution neediness of highroad network and market in remote area need o f emergency backup services worthless purchasing capacity of people Social and geographical disparities and exclusion.Utilization Lack of awareness on nutrition and food habit amply levels of malnutrition Poor basic services High disease incidence.Stability/Vulnerability to Food Low income Frequent mishap Social conflict Poor political and economic governance and other No functioning of traditional/indigenous community food condom net.GOVERNMENT PROVISION FOR FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITIONAccording to global law, every human being has skilfuls to be freed from hunger and rights to have safe and nutritious food. Universal declaration on human rights, Conventions on boor Rights and other international legal documents have ensured the rights of food. Nepal does not have a comprehensive food security policy addressing the different dimensions of food security however, food security and nutrition have been included in different policy document.Nepal Interim Constitution (2007)The int erim constitution has recognized food sovereignty as the fundamental human right and guaranteed some fundamental rights which are relevant to ensure the legal entitlement on the food security. It guarantees the right to life (art. 12.1) and rights to employment and social security ( expression 16). For the first time in Nepal, constitution also guarantees the right to food sovereignty (art. 18.3). Provision of rights of food security for all citizens has been ensured by means of the article 16 and 33. Similarly, through with(predicate) article 35, provision to improve the food security situation of marginalized community has been ensured. However, these rights are subject to implementing legislation, unfortunately, such specific laws are not yet made. Recently, in a case, interpreting this right, Supreme Court of Nepal issued an interim order to the GON to presently supply food stuff in food insecure districts (Adhikari, 2009). too these following plan and policies have also ens ured food security for Nepalese citizensThree Year Interim fancy (TYIP 2007 -2010) untaught Development Policies farming Perspective Plan (1995-2015) Implementation of APP Support Programme (2003-2008) National land Policy (2004) Health Sector Policy (2004) National Water Plan (2005) Forestry Master Plan National Transport Master Plan agriculture Promotion Policy (2006) Food and Nutrition Security Plan (2007) milk Development Policy (2007) Agriculture Biodiversity Policy (2007)AGENCIES WORKING IN FOOD SECURITY AND NUTRITIONGovernment AgenciesMinistry of Agriculture and Cooperatives (MoAC)Focused on food production, most of the programs are extension (with very limited research) targeted to production increase, market access and technical support for the farmer. According to NSDRM 2009, this is focal ministry for food security (MoHA, 2009).Ministry of Local Development (MoLD)Implements Nepal Food Crisis response program, funded by World wedge (WB), and Food for Work (FFW) progr ams, material support of WFP and technical support of GTZ, in food deficit districts with the objective of creating rural employment opportunities to the poor through the Rural Community Infrastructure Works (RCIW) Programme consisting of rural road construction and community based projects such as irrigation and soil conservation, school building and other support, health facilities improvement, income generation, etc.Ministry of nurture (MoE)MoE implements Food for Education (FFE) program with material food support from WFP. It follows an objective of improving nutritional status of school children, school enrolment and attendance of children, particularly girlfriends, by providing a mid-day meal and a reconcile-home ration of oil for girl students. The program is implemented in food deficit districts.Ministry of Health and population (MoHP)Department of Health implements Mother and Child Health Care (MCHC) broadcast with material support from WFP in collaboration with MoE. Th e program aims to improve the health and nutritional status of pregnant and lactating mothers and children (6-36 months) by providing monthly take home ration (fortified nutritious food).Nepal Food Corporation (NFC)NFC is circulating(prenominal)ly planning subsidized food to 30 districts including 22 remote districts across the country (MoAC, WFP and FAO, 2009), where local production is deficit. It follows the Governments food policy with responsibility of collection, transportation, storage, sale and mobilization of food. It also handles food aid received by the country. NFC concenteres on providing food to people living around district headquarters, and mostly to government employees. take out AgenciesWorld Food Programme (WFP)WFP works in partnership with MoLD, MoE, MoHP, UN agencies and NGOs through life cycle approach of distributing food from pregnancy stage to large(p) of women candidates. As of November 2009, WFP coverage is in 22 districts (personal interaction with WFP staff). All interventions are carried out in the food insecure areas identified by Vulnerability sound judgement and Mapping (VAM) unit of WFP in close collaboration with the Government.There are other agencies and some of them are as followsActionAid NepalAgro Enterprise spirit (AEC)DEPROSC,DFID,GTZ,Helen Keller International (HKI),OXFAM GB,SAPROSC,UNICEF,WHOSUMMARYFood security in Nepal depends on land productivity as managed by small holders who face challenges in productivity and sustainability, and the country is prone to inseparable disasters that can have serious consequences for agricultural production.Additionally, the households that are most likely to be food insecure tended to engage in livelihood activities such as petty trade, unskilled labor, natural resources exploitation, handicrafts, and farming. Nepal has become a net importer of grain in recent years.The samara factors causing food insecurity, especially in remote mountain districts, are an increasing popu lation, remoteness (causing lack of transportation and distribution), low income-generating opportunities, and lack of access to food. The issue of food security is multidimensional, that varies across countries, social groups and time. These factors can be grouped in three clusters1) Overall socio-economic, political and natural surroundings2) Performance of the food economy, and3) Household level food security influenced by livelihood assets and activities, care practices, and health and sanitation conditions.CONCLUSIONIn current situation, for food security major thrust has to given to production of food grains, horticulture, fisheries and livestock product through sustainable use of resources. Investing in agriculture has several benefits and as a major sector lend to economic growth, 38 agriculture has to transform from traditionally subsistent to a vivacious commercial and competitive one. Potentiality for agriculture development should be attach with increasing concerns fo r irrigation, fertilizer, storage, marketing, improved seeds and breeds, quality control, improved service delivery, research focus on niche areas, credit facility and capable human resources. improve farming system, planting of fruit and fodder and use of SALT (Sloping Agricultural Land Technology) can improve land use and control water induced disaster. Similarly, environment friendly agriculture farm, storage and gene pious platitude are essential but insecticides and pesticides are being haphazardly at commercial scale but effective monitoring is lacking. Required song of cold storage are lacking, and farmer is compelled to sell goods at cheaper price.Strategies, approaches and programme to increase domestic food availability have to emphasize on(i) The need for technological change to increase labor, land, input and productivity,(ii) Improving connectivity to increase market access resulting to reduce the transaction costs of getting inputs and services from market to farm and farm to market, and(iii) Price guarantees to serve as an fillip to farmers to produce for the market. Increasing production, promoting processing, developing and strengthening business enterprises services, improving marketing efficiency, and reducing food prices, are major avenues to improve food security. advertAdhikari, B. 2009. Food Security Related Safety Nets and Legal Empowerment of Poor in Nepal. composition submitted to FAO 2009 November. KathmanduCBS, 2004. Nepal Living Standards Survey 2003/04, Statistical report. glitz 1 and 2. Kathmandu. National Planning Commission, Central Bureau of Statistics. KathmanduFAO. 2010. Assesment of Food Security and Nutrition Situation of Nepal. Kathmandu.MoAC, WFP and FAO, 2009. Crop and Food Security Assessment 2008/09 Winter Drought in Nepal, Joint Assessment Report may 2009. KathmanduMoHA, 2009. National strategy for disaster risk management, 2009. Government of Nepal, Ministry of family line AffairsOCHA, 2008. Nepal Needs An alysis Framework Key Findings September 20087. join Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA). Kathmandu FAO.2008. Nepal Food Security and Nutrition Monitoring/Early System Assessment of Current System, Project blueprint and Proposal. February 2008. FAO, RomeSanjel, N. 2005. PARYAWARAN Disaster Management Special. Status of Agriculture production and Food security in Nepal. ECO-Nepal, Paryawaran monthly, volume 13, Additional issue, June 2005UNDP. 2009 a. Nepal Human Development Report 2009 State Transformation and Human Development. UNDP. KathmanduWFP and MoAC. 2009. District level food Security Monitoring Resource material MoAC, Government of Nepal and world Food Programme, Kathmandu Adhikari, J and Bhole, H.J. 1999. Food Crisis in Nepal